Rise of ISIS Page 10

  10. Masters, “Hamas,” citing “Rocket Attacks on Israel from Gaza,” Israel Defense Forces, http://www.idfblog.com/facts-figures/rocket-attacks-toward-israel/.

  11. Serge Schmemann, “Bombing in Israel: The Overview; 4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61,” N.Y. Times (5 Mar. 1996), http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20 suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print.

  12. “Alleged Passover Massacre Plotter Arrested,” CNN, March 26, 2008, http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas/.

  13. Conal Urquhart, “Israel Attacks Gaza as Bus Bomb Kills 15,” Guardian, March 6, 2003, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/06/israel; “Suicide Blast Hits Jerusalem Bus,” BBC News, June 11, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2982068.stm; James Bennet, “Bombing Kills 18 and Hurts Scores on Jerusalem Bus,” New York Times, August 20, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/20/world/bombing-kills-18-and-hurts-scores-on-jerusalem-bus.html.

  CHAPTER SIX. HAMAS CREATES A UNITY GOVERNMENT WITH FATAH, THEN LAUNCHES WAR

  1. Tzippe Barrow, “Hamas, Fatah Post Facebook Threats,” CBN News, June 11, 2014, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2014/July/Hamas-Fatah-Post-Facebook-Threats/.

  2. Lesley Wroughton and Patricia Zengerle, “Obama Administration to Work with Palestinian Unity Government,” Reuters, June 2, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/03/us-palestinian-unity-usa-idUSKBN0ED1VQ20140603.

  3. See 18 U.S.C. Sections 2339A and 2339B.

  4. Ibid.

  5. “Kidnapped Israeli Teenagers Shot 10 Times with Silenced Gun—US Investigators,” RT, July 9, 2014, http://rt.com/news/171652-israeli-teenagers-shot-investigation/. See also Karl Vick, “Israel Holds Breath Over Three Teens Kidnapped on West Bank,” Time, June 17, 2014, http://time.com/2885286/israel-kidnap-naftali-fraenkel-gilad-shaar-eyal-yifrach/; Isabel Kershner, “Palestinian Leader Pledges to Hold Abductors of Israeli Teenagers to Account,” New York Times, June 18, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/world/middleeast/palestinian-leader-condemns-kidnapping-of-israeli-teenagers.html.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Sharona Schwartz, “This Is How Some Palestinians Are Celebrating the Kidnapping of Three Israeli Teens,” Blaze, June 15, 2014, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2014/06/15/this-is-how-some-palestinians-are-celebrating-a-kidnapping/.

  8. Ibid.

  9. “PM to Kerry: Feared Abductions a Result of Hamas Entry into Government,” Times of Israel, June 13, 2014, http://www.timesofisrael.com/livni-urges-kerry-to-help-locate-missing-teens/.

  10. William Booth and Ruth Eglash, “Israel Presses Gaza Assault as Hamas Rockets Fly; Netanyahu Rules Out Cease-fire,” Washington Post, July 10, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-pounds-gaza-for-third-straight-day-while-hamas-fires-rockets-at-israeli-towns/2014/07/10/902d4896-ab00-47f0-bd53-01040c16379e_story.html.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, art. 3, August 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135.

  13. Booth and Eglash, “Israel Presses Gaza Assault as Hamas Rockets Fly.”

  CHAPTER EIGHT. THE 2014 GAZA WAR: WHO ARE THE REAL WAR CRIMINALS?

  1. “Murdered Israeli Teens Mourned in Joint Funeral, As Israel Launches Strike Against Hamas,” Fox News, July 1, 2014, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/07/01/israeli-teens-found-dead/.

  2. Lea Speyer, “360 Arrested As Operation Brothers Keeper Enters 12th Day,” Breaking Israel News, June 24, 2014, http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/17063/269-terrorists-arrested-operation-brothers-keeper-enters-12th-day/#kswx537rQzX62L97.97.

  3. Ibid.; see also “Murdered Israeli Teens Mourned.”

  4. Ari Soffer, “Watch: Hamas Official Heaps Praise on ‘Heroic’ Kidnap Operation,” Arutz Sheva, June 18, 2014, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/181891#.U8_wQLGf-ik.

  5. “Israeli Air Strikes Hit Targets in Gaza,” Al Jazeera, June 29, 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/israeli-airstrikes-attack-targets-gaza-201462984832208983.html.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ben Wedeman and Dana Ford, “Missing Israeli Teens Found Dead in West Bank,” CNN, June 30, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/30/world/meast/israel-missing-teenagers/.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Dan Kedmey, “Israel Hammers Gaza Strip over Kidnapped Teens’ Deaths,” Time, July 1, 2014, http://time.com/2944876/israel-hammers-gaza-strip-over-kidnapped-teens-deaths/.

  10. Marcy Kreiter, “Israel Mounts Operation to End Gaza Rocket Fire,” International Business Times, July 7, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-mounts-operation-end-gaza-rocket-fire-1621462.

  11. See, e.g., U.N. Charter, art. 2(4): “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.”

  12. U.N. Charter, art. 51.

  13. David B. Rivkin et al., “Preemption and Law in the Twenty-First Century,” 5 Chicago Journal of International Law 467, 476 (2005).

  14. See, e.g., Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dem. Rep. Congo. v. Uganda), 2005 I.C.J. ¶ 11 (17 Dec.) (separate opinion of Judge Simma), http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/116/10467.pdf.

  15. Sean D. Murphy, Principles of International Law (St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2006), 447 (emphasis added).

  16. Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 232; see also Christopher Greenwood, Essays on War in International Law (London: Cameron May, 2006), 80.

  17. Harriet Sherwood, “Gaza Crisis: How the Game Has Changed Since Egypt’s Tabling of Ceasefire Plan,” Guardian, July 21, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/21/gaza-crisis-how-game-changed-since-egypt-tabling-ceasefire-plan.

  18. Jodi Rudoren and Anne Barnard, “Israeli Military Invades Gaza, with Sights Set on Hamas Operations,” New York Times, July 17, 2014, http://nyti.ms/1nA2HQS.

  19. Heather Saul, “Israel-Hamas 72-Hour Ceasefire Crumbles As Dozens Killed in Gaza Shelling,” Independent, August 1, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-kerry-warns-72hour-unconditional-ceasefire-is-a-respite-not-an-end-9641781.html.

  20. “U.S. Calls Hamas Attack ‘Barbaric’ Violation of Gaza Ceasefire: CNN,” Reuters, August 1, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/01/us-mideast-gaza-whitehouse-idUSKBN0G143S20140801.

  21. ICRC, Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), art. 52, 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 (herein after referred to as Protocol I).

  22. Ibid. (emphasis added).

  23. Ibid., art. 28.

  24. ICRC, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, ¶ 1953, at 620–21 (1987) (emphasis added), http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Commentary_GC_Protocols.pdf.

  25. Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald-Beck, International Committee of the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law: Practice ¶¶ 328–29, 332, 334, 336–37, 339, at 184–85 (2005).

  26. Ibid. ¶¶ 329, 331, 336, 339, at 184–85.

  27. Stefan Oeter, “Methods and Means of Combat,” in Dieter Fleck, ed., The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2nd ed. 119, 135 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 119, 135.

  28. http://acdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Hamas-Urban-Warfare-Tactics.pdf?utm_source=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_campaign=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_medium=email.

  29. UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (last amended 2010), art. 8(2)(b)(ii), 17 July 1998 (hereinafter Rome Statute).

  CHAPTER NINE. HAMAS SYSTEMATICALLY AND INTENTIONALLY VIOLATED THE LAW OF WAR

  1. Protocol I, art. 58(a). A
lthough Israel is not bound by Additional Protocol I as a matter of treaty obligation, Israel recognizes that the protocol reflects customary international law. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Operation in Gaza: Factual and Legal Aspects (Jerusalem: State of Israel, 2008), 38.

  2. Customary International Humanitarian Law, Rule 23, Location of Military Objectives outside Densely Populated Areas, ICRC, http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/print/v1_cha_chapter6_rule23.

  3. Israel-Lebanon Ceasefire Understanding, art. 3 (1996).

  4. Protocol I, art. 51(7).

  5. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, art. 28, 12 August 1949.

  6. Rome Statute, art. 8(2)(b)(xxiii).

  7. Customary International Humanitarian Law, Rule 97, Human Shields, ICRC, http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_cha_chapter32_rule97.

  8. Protocol I, art. 48.

  9. ICRC, “Civilian and Medical Workers Pay Price of Conflict,” July 10, 2014, http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2014/israel-palestine-gaza-civilian-medical.htm.

  10. Anne Barnard and Jodi Rudoren, “Israel Says That Hamas Uses Civilian Shields, Reviving Debate,” New York Times, July 23, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/middleeast/israel-says-hamas-is-using-civilians-as-shields-in-gaza.html (emphases added).

  11. Ibid.

  12. Protocol I, art. 16.

  13. Ibid.

  14. http://acdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Hamas-Urban-Warfare-Tactics.pdf?utm_source=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_campaign=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_medium=email.

  15. Barnard, and Rudoren, Rudoren, “Israel Says That Hamas Uses Civilian Shields, Reviving Debate.”

  16. “Gaza Conflict: Fighting intensifies in town of Khan Younis,” Associated Press, July 23, 2014.

  17. Barnard and Rudoren, “Israel Says That Hamas Uses Civilian Shields, Reviving Debate.”

  18. “Rockets Found at UN Gaza School Went Missing,” Washington Post, July 23, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/rockets-found-at-un-gaza-school-have-gone-missing/2014/07/23/e1f7e206-12c7-11e4-ac56-773e54a65906_story.html. See also “UNRWA Strongly Condemns Placement of Rockets in School,” UNRWA, July 17, 2014, http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-strongly-condemns-placement-rockets-school.

  19. “Rockets Found at UN Gaza School Went Missing.”

  20. Ibid.; see also “UNRWA Condemns Placement of Rockets, for a Second Time, in One of Its Schools,” UNRWA, July 22, 2014, http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-condemns-placement-rockets-second-time-one-its-schools.

  21. “Rockets Found at UN Gaza School Went Missing.”

  22. Josh Levs et al., “Deaths Mount in Gaza and Israel as U.S. Pushes Cease-Fire,” CNN, July 22, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/21/world/meast/mideast-crisis/.

  23. “Rockets Found at UN Gaza School Went Missing.”

  24. http://acdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Hamas-Urban-Warfare-Tactics.pdf?utm_source=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_campaign=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_medium=email

  25. “The Price of Hamas’ Underground Terror Network,” IDF Blog, July 26, 2014, http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/26/price-hamas-underground-terror-network/.

  26. Levs, “Deaths Mount in Gaza and Israel.”

  27. “The Price of Hamas’ Underground Terror Network.”

  28. “Shuja’iya: Hamas’ Terror Fortress in Gaza,” Israel Defense Forces, July 20, 2014, http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/20/shujaiya-hamas-terror-fortress-gaza/.

  29. Ibid.

  30. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, art. 28, 12 August 1949.

  31. See Rome Statute, art. 8(2)(b)(xxiii) and accompanying text.

  32. http://acdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Hamas-Urban-Warfare-Tactics.pdf?utm_source=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_campaign=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_medium=email.

  33. Ibid.

  34. “Israel Bombs Gaza’s Only Rehab Hospital: Staff Forced to Evacuate Paralyzed Patients After Shelling,” Democracy Now, July 18, 2014, http://www.democracynow.org/2014/7/18/israel_bombs_gazas_only_rehab_hospital.

  35. Stuart Winer, “WATCH: IDF Targets Hospital Used as Hamas Command Center,” Times of Israel, July 23, 2014, http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-targets-hospital-hamas-used-as-firing-position/.

  36. “Israel Bombs Gaza’s Only Rehab Hospital.”

  37. Ibid.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Commentary on the Additional Protocols.

  40. http://acdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Hamas-Urban-Warfare-Tactics.pdf?utm_source=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_campaign=Hamas+Urban+Warfare+Tactics&utm_medium=email.

  41. Protocol I, art. 52.

  42. See id., art. 51(4).

  43. Ibid.

  44. Ibid., art. 51(5)(b) (emphasis added).

  45. Karen Yourish and Josh Keller, “The Toll in Gaza and Israel, Day by Day,” New York Times, August 8, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/toll-israel-gaza-conflict.html.

  46. “Hamas Launches Rockets on Civilians in Gaza,” IDF Blog, July 31, 2014, http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/31/hamas-launches-rockets-civilians-gaza/.

  47. Protocol I, art. 51(4)(b).

  48. Steven Emerson, “Hamas Claims Rockets Only Target Jews,” Algemeiner, July 28, 2014, http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/28/hamas-claims-rockets-only-target-jews/.

  CHAPTER TEN. THE STAKES COULD NOT BE HIGHER

  1. https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/statement/2014/07-29-gaza-stop-the-killing.htm.

  2. Ian Black, “U.N. Human Rights Body to Investigate Claims of Israeli Violations in Gaza,” Guardian, July 23, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/global/2014/jul/23/un-high-commissioner-navi-pillay-war-crimes-israel.

  3. See Editorial Board, “The U.S. Should Push for the Disarming of Hamas in Gaza-Israel Cease-Fire,” Washington Post, July 23, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-us-should-push-for-the-disarming-of-hamas-in-gaza-israel-cease-fire/2014/07/23/7c2d1d9e-1284-11e4-8936-26932bcfd6ed_story.html (estimating the cost of each tunnel that Hamas has dug to be roughly one million dollars).